Arduino basic methods

Alright, let’s break down some basic Arduino functions you’ll be using! First up, we have digitalRead , which is your go-to for reading the value of a GPIO digital pin.
Then there’s digitalWrite , perfect for setting the high state on those same pins.
To get started with digital pins, don’t forget to set their direction to either input or output using the pinMode function.
When it comes to reading from analog pins, analogRead has got you covered.
You can also use analogReference to tweak the reference value for those analog readings—typically it’s either 5V or 3.3V .
If you’re looking to handle analog output and PWM control, just use analogWrite .
Plus, you can modify the reading resolution with analogReadResolution , which defaults to 10-bit but can be pushed up to 12-bit if you need more precision.
Similarly, analogWriteResolution lets you adjust PWM resolution from the default 8-bit to 10-bit , but that’s board-dependent.
And for some fun sound effects, tone will generate specific Hertz pulses for your piezo speaker, while noTone will stop those sound pulses if you want some peace and quiet..

Let’s dive into some key Arduino functions! First off, the pulseIn function is a popular choice when you’re working with ultrasonic sensors; it helps measure distance by looking at how long the pulse is received.
If you’re dealing with longer pulses, you’ll want to check out pulseInLong , which has a built-in timeout to make your life easier.
When it comes to data management in interfaces like SPI or I²C, the shiftIn command lets you receive data, while shiftOut is there for sending it out.
Don’t forget that Arduino offers handy libraries like SPI and the Wire library for I²C, which simplify using these functions, though you can also get deeper into hardware control if you’re up for it.
And if you need to pause your Arduino activities for a bit, the delay function lets you do just that for a set time in milliseconds, while delayMicroseconds works in microseconds.
Oh, and if you’re curious about how long it’s been since your Arduino started, micros will give you that elapsed time in microseconds right from boot..

Let’s dive into some super useful mathematical functions that can really make things easier.
Functions like ABS, Max, Min, power, and sqrt help simplify various operations, while trigonometric functions, like sine, cosine, and tangent, also play a big role.
Now, when it comes to text functions, they help us figure out if the data is made up of letters, if it’s alphanumeric, or if it matches certain ASCII codes.
They even help identify command values! Plus, there are functions like ‘I graph’ and ‘I printable’ that check if outputs show up on the screen, meanwhile ignoring those pesky invisible characters like spaces or tabs.
And with the ‘I printable’ function, you can see the invisible characters while keeping the main symbols visible and clear.
Pretty cool, right?.

In this section, we’re diving into the world of hexadecimal digits, including fun characters like ‘a’ and ‘b’, and all those numbers from ‘0’ to ‘10’ in hex.
We’ll also break down what ‘lowercase’ really means when it comes to letters and clarify how punctuation, abbreviations, and symbols like periods or commas relate to spaces.
Plus, we’re going to examine the difference between tabs and spaces in white space, since that’s key for detecting uppercase letters.
And hey, let’s not forget about how the random function works—it generates those unpredictable values we often need, and initializing its seed with time values or even some analog noise is super important for creating those random numbers..

So, let’s dive into bit manipulation! First off, the random function is super handy for getting those random values you’ve been craving, but that’s just the tip of the iceberg.
There are these cool commands that make dealing with binary values a breeze.
For instance, when you say ‘bit zero’, you’re talking about ‘0’, and ‘bit one’ stands for ‘1’.
This definitely makes things smoother when you’re inputting values.
Plus, there are commands like ‘bit clear’ which let you wipe out a specific bit, and ‘bit read’ helps you check out a bit at a particular spot.
On the flip side, if you want to set a bit to ‘1’, you’d use ‘bit set’, while ‘bit write’ gives you the freedom to set it to either ‘1’ or ‘0’, depending on what you need.
Pretty neat, right?.

So, let’s talk about bytes for a second! When you hear ‘high byte’ and ‘low byte’, it’s all about identifying the most and least significant bytes in those chunky multi-byte values, like 16-bit or 32-bit numbers.
Now, on to interrupts—these handy little commands like attachInterrupt let you set specific interruptions for your hardware pins, and if you ever need to take a break from them, detachInterrupt has your back for removal.
Keeping your interrupts in check is a breeze when you know how to enable or disable the correct settings.
Plus, there’s a treasure trove of libraries out there, whether you’re into SPI, stream operations, or managing input devices like keyboards and mice.
And don’t forget, you’ll often be leaning on some key constant variables, especially when you’re working on the Arduino platform!.

If you’re already into C++ data, you might notice that some of this info feels a bit familiar.
When it comes to setting up digital pins, you’ve got choices like input, output, and even input pull-up.
Oh, and that built-in LED? Yup, it’s just a macro constant in the Arduino world! This section also dives into functions for casting to byte and other formats, plus some cool structures that seasoned C or C++ pros will definitely vibe with.
We’ll also touch on loop setups and some unique functions you’ll only find in Arduino.
Overall, this gives you a nice sneak peek into the essentials of Arduino that we’ll dig into deeper later on..